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6. Bridge: A bridge is a device that works on the physical layer as well as on data link layer. A
network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of the
OSI model. Bridges relay frames between two originally separate segments. When a frame
enters a bridge, the bridge not only regenerates the signal but also checks the physical
address of the destination and forwards the new copy only to that port.
An important advantage of using a bridge is that it is a smarter hub as it can filter network
traffic on the basis of the MAC addresses.

Fig. 8.10: Ethernet Bridge

CTM: A bridge is a device that links two segments together of the original network.

7. Gateway: A gateway is a device that connects dissimilar networks. In internet, several networks
are communicating with each other and each network has a different configuration. In order to
make reliable communication, there must be a device that helps in communicating.

Gateway is a device which establishes an intelligent connection between a local area
network and external networks with completely different structures.

Computer Science with Python–XII 8.12 CTM: A gateway is a device that connects dissimilar networks.

Fig. 8.11: Gateway

8.
Repeater: A repeater is a device that operates only on the physical layer of the OSI model.
As a signal travels a fixed distance, before attenuation of the signal, a repeater is used which
amplifies and restores signals for long-distance transmission. A repeater is an electronic
device that receives a signal before it becomes too weak and regenerates the original signal.
Also, it is a two-port network device that strengthens the signal intensity and connects two