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Traditional Programming
Data Input Analyze Find Stores the
Computer Output Prediction
Program Data Data Patterns Feedback

Machine Learning
Data
Computer Program
Output

Fig. 12.2: How Machine Learning works

The process of learning begins with observation of data, such as examples, direct experience,
or instructions, in order to look for patterns in data and make better decisions in future based
on examples that we provide. The primary aim is to allow computers learn automatically
without human intervention or assistance and act accordingly.
It consists of several algorithms that fetch data to learn on their own and make certain
predictions. These algorithms, called models, are first trained and tested using a training and
testing data, respectively. After successive trainings, once these models are able to give results to
an acceptable level of accuracy, they are used to make predictions about new and unknown data.

12.2.2 Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a subfield of Artificial Intelligence that helps computers
understand human language.

Nowadays you say, “Alexa, play this song,” and a device starts playing that song. This complete
interaction could become possible by NLP along with other AI elements such as machine learning and
deep learning. NLP makes it possible for computers to read text, hear speech, interpret it, measure
sentiment and determine which parts are important. NLP is a branch of Artificial Intelligence that
deals with the interaction between computers and humans using the natural language.

Most NLP techniques rely on machine learning to derive meaning from human languages.

Emerging Trends

Fig. 12.3: Natural Language Processing (NLP) for Artificial Intelligence

Natural Language Processing is the driving force behind the following common applications:
• Language translation applications such as Google Translate.

• Word Processors such as Microsoft Word and Grammatically that employ NLP to check
grammatical accuracy of texts.
• Interactive Voice Response (IVR) applications used in call centres to respond to certain
users’ requests.
• Personal assistant applications such as OKGoogle, Siri and Alexa. 12.3