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One of the major implementations of sensors that we observe is when you hold your mobile
vertically or horizontally. The display also changes to vertical or horizontal with respect to the
way we hold our mobile. This is possible with the help of two sensors, namely accelerometer
and gyroscope (gyro). The accelerometer sensor in the mobile phones detects the orientation
of the phone. The gyroscope sensor tracks rotation or twist of your hand and adds to the
information supplied by the accelerometer.
Sensors are very commonly used for monitoring and observing elements in real-world
applications. The evolution of smart electronic sensors is contributing in a big way to the
evolution of IoT which will lead to creation of new sensor-based, intelligent systems.

12.4.3 Smart Cities

A Smart City is an urban area that uses different types of electronic IoT sensors to collect
data and then use the insights gained from that data to manage assets, resources and services
efficiently. It includes data collected from citizens, devices and assets that is processed and
analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems, power plants, utilities,
water supply networks, waste management, crime detection, information systems, schools,
libraries, hospitals and other community services.

Environment
Society Health care Electricity
Security

Retail
Water
Education Banking

Emerging Trends

Fig. 12.12: Smart City

A smart city makes use of computer and communication technology along with IoT, WoT to
manage and distribute resources efficiently. The smart buildings shown in Fig. 12.12 use sensors
to detect earthquakes and then warn nearby buildings so that they can prepare themselves
accordingly. A smart bridge uses wireless sensors to detect any loose bolt, cable or crack. It
alerts concerned authorities through SMS. A smart tunnel also uses wireless sensors to detect
any leakage or congestion in the tunnel. This information can then be sent as wireless signals
across the network of sensor nodes to a centralized computer system for further analysis.
12.9